Characters.get('e', 0) tells python to search for the key 'e' in the dictionary. If it isn't uncovered it returns 0. Because This can be the first time 'e' is passed in the loop, the character 'e' is not found in the dictionary nevertheless, And so the get strategy returns 0. https://lsd100ug24578.affiliatblogger.com/88465313/new-step-by-step-map-for-lsd-100-ug